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| 1864 |
| | The First International is established in London, with Karl Marx soon emerging as the association's leader | |
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| 1867 |
| | The first volume of Das Kapital is completed by Marx in London and is published in Hamburg | |
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| 1887 |
| | Lenin's elder brother Alexander, while still a student, is executed for his part in a plot to assassinate the tsar, Alexander III | |
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| 1889 |
| | The Second International is established by the Socialist parties of ten nations, meeting at a congress in Paris | |
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| 1895 |
| | Lenin is arrested in St Petersburg, along with other members of the Union for the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class | |
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| 1900 |
| | Lenin and comrades launch in Munich a radical newspaper, Iskra ('the spark') | |
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| 1902 |
| | In his pamphlet What is to be done? Lenin argues for early action to promote revolution | |
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| 1903 |
| | Lenin's supporters become known as the Bolsheviks ('majority') as opposed to the Mensheviks ('minority') after a split at the party's Second Congress | |
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| 1905 |
| | The first soviet ("council") of workers is set up in St Petersburg, introducing a word of great significance in Russian Communist history | |
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| 1912 |
| | At a conference in Prague Lenin forms the Bolsheviks into a separate political party with himself as leader | |
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